Kasutaja:Oop/Berni kirjandus- ja kunstiteoste kaitse konventsioon

Berni kirjandus- ja kunstiteoste kaitse konventsiooni liikmesriigid 2009. aastal.

Konventsiooni üks algatajaid oli Prantsuse kirjanik Victor Hugo.

Berni kirjandus- ja kunstiteoste kaitse konventsioon (tavaliselt Berni konventsioon) on autoriõiguse teemaline rahvusvaheline leping, mis kirjutati alla 1886. aastal Šveitsis, Berni linnas.

Berni konventsioon kehtestas formaalselt tänapäevase autoriõiguse ning juurutas arusaama, et autoriõigused hakkavad kehtima hetkest, mil teos on taasesitataval kujul loodud, ning õiguste teke ei eelda teose registreerimist. Konventsioon kehtestas ka nõude, et riigid peavad tunnustama kõigi teiste konventsiooni liikmesriikide kodanike autoriõigusi.

Lepingu sisu

Berni konventsioon nõuab, et sellega liitunud riigid kohtleksid teistest liikmesriikidest pärit autorite autoriõigusi nende loodud teostele vähemalt samaväärsel tasemel omaenda kodanike autoriõigustega. Nii näiteks kehtib Prantsuse autoriõigus kõigi teoste kohta, mis Prantsusmaal avaldatakse või esitatakse, hoolimata sellest, kus teos algselt loodi.

Lisaks võrdse kohtlemise süsteemi kehtestamisele, mis ühtlustas autoriõigust konventsiooni liikmesriikide vahel, nõudis leping, et liikmesriigid tagaksid autoriõigusele tugevad miinimumstandardid.

Berni konventsiooni alusel peab autoriõigus olema automaatne ning on keelatud selle tingimusena nõuda formaalset registreerimist. Ent kui Ameerika Ühendriigid konventsiooniga 1. märtsil 1989 liitusid, jäid ennetavad kahjuhüvitised (statutory damages) autoriõiguse rikkumiste eest kättesaadavaks üksnes registreeritud teoste autoritele.

Rakenduvus

Konventsiooni artikkel 3 kohaselt rakendub konventsioonis sätestatud kaitse konventsiooni liikmesriikide kodanikele ja elanikele ning teostele, mis on esmakordselt või samaaegselt avaldatud (artikkel 3(4) võrdsustab "samaaegse" avaldamise avaldamisega 30 päeva jooksul)) liikmesriigis. Artikkel 4 kohaselt kehtib see ka kinematograafiateostele, mille autorite asukoht või alaline elukoht on ühes liikmesriikidest, ning arhitektuuriteostele, mis paiknevad liikmesriikides.

Päritolumaa

Konventsiooni üks põhimõisteid on teose "päritolumaa". Sageli on päritolumaa määramine lihtne: kui teos on avaldatud ühes liikmesriigis ja mitte mujal, siis see ongi päritolumaa. Samas ütleb artikkel 5(4), et kui teos avaldati samaaegselt (ehk 30 päeva jooksul) mitmes konventsiooni liikmesriigis, loetakse päritolumaaks lühimaa õiguste kehtivusajaga riik.

Teoste puhul, mis avaldati liikmesriigis ja ühes või enamas muus riigis, loetakse päritolumaaks liikmesriik. Avaldamata teoste puhul või esmalt mitteliikmesriigis avaldatud teoste puhul määrab päritolumaa teose autori kodakondsus, kui ta on liikmesriigi kodanik (kinematograafia- ja arhitektuuriteostele kehtivad lisaklauslid)

Internetiajastul võidakse piiramatud avaldamist veebis lugeda avaldamiseks kõigis piisava internetiühendusega jurisdiktsioonides kogu maailmas. Mida see "päritolumaa" määramisel tähendab, ei ole täielikult selge. Kohtuasjas Kernel vs Mosley (nn Timbalandi plagiaadijuhtum) otsustas USA kohus, et väljaspool USA piire loodud teos, mis laaditi üles Austraalias ja mis kuulub Soomes registreeritud firmale, on sellegipoolest USA teos, kuna see on avaldatud internetis. Samas on teised USA kohtud sarnastes olukordades jõudnud teistsugustele järeldustele, nt kohtuasjas Håkan Moberg vs 33T LLC. Digitaalselt avaldatud teose päritolumaa määramine tekitab tänini vaidlusi ka õigusteadlaste seas.

Copyright term

The Berne Convention states that all works except photographic and cinematographic shall be copyrighted for at least 50 years after the author's death, but parties are free to provide longer terms, as the European Union did with the 1993 Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection. For photography, the Berne Convention sets a minimum term of 25 years from the year the photograph was created, and for cinematography the minimum is 50 years after first showing, or 50 years after creation if it hasn't been shown within 50 years after the creation. Countries under the older revisions of the treaty may choose to provide their own protection terms, and certain types of works (such as phonorecords and motion pictures) may be provided shorter terms.

If the author is unknown, because for example the author was deliberately anonymous or worked under a pseudonym, the Convention provides for a term of 50 years after publication ("after the work has been lawfully made available to the public"). However, if the identity of the author becomes known, the copyright term for known authors (50 years after death) applies.

Although the Berne Convention states that the copyright law of the country where copyright is claimed shall be applied, Article 7(8) states that "unless the legislation of that country otherwise provides, the term shall not exceed the term fixed in the country of origin of the work", i.e., an author is normally not entitled a longer copyright abroad than at home, even if the laws abroad give a longer term. This is commonly known as "the rule of the shorter term". Not all countries have accepted this rule.

The minimum standards of protection relate to the works and rights to be protected

As to works, protection must include "every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever the mode or form of its expression" (Article 2(1) of the Convention).

Subject to certain allowed reservations, limitations or exceptions, the following are among the rights that must be recognized as exclusive rights of authorization:

• the right to translate,
• the right to make adaptations and arrangements of the work,
• the right to perform in public dramatic, dramatico-musical and musical works,
• the right to recite literary works in public,
• the right to communicate to the public the performance of such works,
• the right to broadcast (with the possibility that a Contracting State may provide for a mere right to equitable remuneration instead of a right of authorization),
• the right to make reproductions in any manner or form (with the possibility that a Contracting State may permit, in certain special cases, reproduction without authorization, provided that the reproduction does not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author; and the possibility that a Contracting State may provide, in the case of sound recordings of musical works, for a right to equitable remuneration),
• the right to use the work as a basis for an audiovisual work, and the right to reproduce, distribute, perform in public or communicate to the public that audiovisual work.

Copyright exceptions and limitations

The Berne Convention does not explicitly authorize countries to permit "fair uses" of copyrighted works in other publications or broadcasts in a broad sense. Berne only permits a limited form of copyright exceptions and limitations known as the "three-step test." Copyright exceptions permitted by the Berne Convention are scattered in several provisions due to the historical reason of Berne negotiations. For example, Article 10(2) permits Berne members to provide for a "teaching exception" within their copyright statutes. But this exception is limited to a use for illustration of the subject matter taught and it must be related to teaching activities. In other words, a broad exception in a manner similar to the "fair use" jurisprudence of American copyright law is not expressly permitted by Berne. Nevertheless, the WTO Panel has ruled, in United State - Section 110(5) of the U.S. Copyright Act, that although the three-step test under both Berne and TRIPs required a "certain and well-defined exception," this did not rule out open norms such as the US copyright law.

The Agreed Statement of the parties to the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996 states that: "It is understood that the mere provision of physical facilities for enabling or making a communication does not in itself amount to communication within the meaning of this Treaty or the Berne Convention." This language may mean that Internet service providers are not liable for the infringing communications of their users. Critics claim that the convention does not mention any other rights of consumers of works except for fair use.

There is a legal debate about whether the U.S. Fair Use doctrine is lawful under the Three-step test.

History

The Pirate Publisher—An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record, from Puck, 1886, satirizes the ability of publishers to take works from one country and publish them in another without paying the original authors.

The Berne Convention was developed at the instigation of Victor Hugo of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale. Thus it was influenced by the French "right of the author" (droit d'auteur), which contrasts with the Anglo-Saxon concept of "copyright" which only dealt with economic concerns. Under the Convention, copyrights for creative works are automatically in force upon their creation without being asserted or declared. An author need not "register" or "apply for" a copyright in countries adhering to the Convention. As soon as a work is "fixed", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, its author is automatically entitled to all copyrights in the work and to any derivative works, unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them or until the copyright expires. Foreign authors are given the same rights and privileges to copyrighted material as domestic authors in any country that ratified the Convention.

Before the Berne Convention, national copyright laws usually only applied for works created within each country. So for example a work published in the United Kingdom by a British national would be covered by copyright there, but could be copied and sold by anyone in France. Dutch publisher Albertus Willem Sijthoff, who rose to prominence in the trade of translated books, wrote to Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in 1899 in opposition to the convention over concerns that its international restrictions would stifle the Dutch print industry.

The Berne Convention followed in the footsteps of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883, which in the same way had created a framework for international integration of the other types of intellectual property: patents, trademarks and industrial designs.

Like the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention set up a bureau to handle administrative tasks. In 1893 these two small bureaux merged and became the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (best known by its French acronym BIRPI), situated in Berne. In 1960, BIRPI moved to Geneva, to be closer to the United Nations and other international organizations in that city. In 1967 it became the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and in 1974 became an organization within the United Nations.

The Berne Convention was revised in Paris in 1896 and in Berlin in 1908, completed in Berne in 1914, revised in Rome in 1928, in Brussels in 1948, in Stockholm in 1967 and in Paris in 1971, and was amended in 1979.

The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty was adopted in 1996 to address the issues raised by information technology and the Internet, which were not addressed by the Berne Convention.

Adoption and implementation

 Pikemalt artiklis List of parties to the Berne Convention

The first version of the Berne Convention treaty was signed on 9 September 1886, by Belgium, France, Germany, Haiti, Italy, Liberia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom. They ratified it on September 5, 1887.

Although the United Kingdom ratified the convention in 1887, it did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

The United States acceded to the convention on November 16, 1988, and the convention entered into force for the United States on March 1, 1989. The United States initially refused to become a party to the Convention, since that would have required major changes in its copyright law, particularly with regard to moral rights, removal of the general requirement for registration of copyright works and elimination of mandatory copyright notice. This led first to the U.S. ratifying the Buenos Aires Convention (BAC) in 1910, and later the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) in 1952 to accommodate the wishes of other countries. With the WIPO's Berne revision on Paris 1971, many other countries joined the treaty, as expressed by Brazil federal law of 1975.

On 1 March 1989, the U.S. Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 was enacted, and the U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty, making the United States a party to the Berne Convention, and making the Universal Copyright Convention nearly obsolete. Except for extremely technical points not relevant, with the accession of Nicaragua in 2000, every nation that is a member of the Buenos Aires Convention is also a member of Berne, and so the BAC has also become nearly obsolete and is essentially deprecated as well.Mall:Who

Since almost all nations are members of the World Trade Organization, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights requires non-members to accept almost all of the conditions of the Berne Convention.

As of February 2018, there are 175 states that are parties to the Berne Convention. This includes 172 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See and Niue.

See also

• Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
• Berne three-step test
• Buenos Aires Convention
• List of parties to international copyright agreements
• Official text copyright
• Public domain
• Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
• Universal Copyright Convention
• World Trade Organization Dispute 160

External links

• The full text of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on September 28, 1979) Mall:Ref-en in the WIPO Lex database — official website of WIPO.
• WIPO-Administered Treaties Mall:Ref-en in the WIPO Lex database — official website of WIPO.
• The 1971 Berne Convention text – fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
• U.S. Copyright office list of countries having copyright relations with the United States (including list of Berne Union countries)
• USA House of Representatives Report of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, H.R. Rep. No. 100-609 (1988) gives a brief overview of the successive modifications to the Berne Convention.
• Texts of the various Berne Convention revisions:
  • 1886 Berne Act
  • 1896 Paris Additional Act
  • 1908 Berlin Act
  • 1914 Additional Protocol
  • 1928 Rome Act
  • 1948 Brussels Act
  • 1967 Stockholm Act
  • 1971 Paris Text

Välislingid

• Berni kirjandus- ja kunstiteoste kaitse konventsioon eesti keeles, avaldatud Riigi Teatajas (RT II 1994, 16, 49)
• Berni kirjandus- ja kunstiteoste kaitse konventsiooniga ühinemise seadus (vastu võetud 18.05.1994)

Kategooria:Autoriõigus Kategooria:Rahvusvahelised lepingud Kategooria:Eesti välislepingud‎